Johnstown Castle
Geoffrey Esmonde, one of the Normans who came in after the 1169 invasion, built the first castle on this ground in the late twelfth century - a plain tower house, no architectural ambition. The Esmondes held it through the medieval period. By the seventeenth century the estate had passed through marriages and confiscations to the Grogan family, and in the 1830s Hamilton Knox Grogan-Morgan hired Daniel Robertson to remake the castle in the Gothic Revival style then fashionable in Ireland. Robertson - the same man who designed the gardens at Powerscourt - turned a workaday country seat into a battlemented, turreted Gothic confection. Work ran from roughly 1836 into the 1870s. In 1945 the estate was handed over to the State in lieu of death duties under the Johnstown Castle Agricultural College Act, and the Department of Agriculture (later Teagasc) used the building as a soils research laboratory for decades. It opened to the public as a heritage site in 2019, managed by the Irish Heritage Trust.